Persistently Increased Alloisoleucine

05/12/2019
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SUMMARY

A 3-year-old female presented to the emergency department with worsening myoclonic and atonic seizures. Several months before presentation, she was diagnosed with epilepsy and was treated with an antiepileptic medication (zonisamide, 10 g/L oral suspension, twice daily).

 

STUDENT DISCUSSION

Joesph R. Wiencek,1,2* Dennis J. Dietzen,3,4 Teresa Murray,2 Sheila Dawling,5 Jennifer M. Colby,2 and James H. Nichols2

1Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA; 2Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; 3Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; 4Core Laboratory, St. Louis Children’s Hospital, St. Louis, MO; 5Aegis Sciences Corporation, Nashville, TN.
*Address correspondence to this author at: Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0168. Fax +434-924-2107; e-mail joesph.wiencek@virginia.edu

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Case Description

A 3-year-old female presented to the emergency department with worsening myoclonic and atonic seizures. Several months before presentation, she was diagnosed with epilepsy and was treated with an antiepileptic medication (zonisamide, 10 g/L oral suspension, twice daily). While admitted, clinical laboratory testing for complete cell counts, comprehensive metabolic panel, and plasma lactate and ammonia were all within reference intervals (data not shown). However, nutritional assessment by plasma amino acid (PAA)6 analysis revealed that branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) were increased for alloisoleucine (allo-ile), normal for leucine (leu), and mildly increased for valine (val) and isoleucine (ile; Fig. 1). Similar results were obtained following repeat PAA analysis despite a history of unremarkable newborn screening (NBS). Due to persistently increased all-oile concentrations, the biochemical geneticist recommended urine organic acid (UOA) analysis and sequencing for a maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) panel [4 genes: branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase E1, alpha polypeptide (BCKDHA),7 branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase E1 subunit beta (BCKDHB), dihydrolipoamide branched chain transacylase E2 (DBT ), and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD)]. The UOA analysis did not detect any compounds typically associated with MSUD and no previously-reported MSUD variants were identified through genetic testing. Perplexed by the inconsistent results, the geneticist reached out to the clinical laboratory.

 

Questions to Consider

  • What is the clinical significance of increased allo-ile concentrations in plasma?
  • What methodologies are available for PAA analysis in the clinical laboratory?
  • How do you explain the discrepancy between the PAA analysis and the UOA and genetic testing?

Final Publication and Comments

The final published version with discussion and comments from the experts appears in the October 2018 issue of Clinical Chemistry, approximately 3-4 weeks after the Student Discussion is posted.